John Baldwin (IA)

John Baldwin was appointed Director of the Iowa Department of Corrections on April 25, 2007. Mr. Baldwin, a Ft. Dodge native, has been with the Iowa Department of Corrections since 1977 and served as Deputy Director of Administration since 1983. Along with former DOC directors Hal Farrier and Paul Grossheim, he helped establish the Department of Corrections when they split from the Department of Human Services in 1983.

Some of his accomplishments have included:
• Department leader over multiple building and expansion projects including new facilities at Newton, Ft. Dodge and Clarinda.
• Development of Iowa Offender Based Management System (ICON)
• Appointed to the Criminal Justice Information System Committee to develop a sharing plan of all offender and court data among all criminal justice agencies in the state.
• Overseeing the two year Durrant study of the Department of Corrections.

John received his undergraduate degree in Economics from the University of Iowa and an M.A. in Political Science and Public Administration from Iowa State University.

John is married with two grown sons.

Matthew Cate (CA)

Matthew Cate was appointed by Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger on May 16, 2008, as Secretary of the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation.

Prior to this appointment, Mr. Cate was appointed as Inspector General by Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger in March 2004 and subsequently confirmed by the state senate to that position. As Inspector General, Mr. Cate had been responsible for public oversight of the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation. Since 2007, he had also served as the chairman of the California Rehabilitation Oversight Board and in that capacity had been responsible for reporting to the state legislature on the progress made by the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation in fulfilling its obligation to provide effective rehabilitative programs to California’s inmates and parolees.

Prior to becoming California’s Inspector General, Mr. Cate served as a state and local prosecutor. From 1996 to 2004, he served as a Deputy Attorney General at the California Department of Justice. In that capacity, he supervised a team of trial and appellate prosecutors, managed a criminal trial caseload of political corruption matters and provided counsel to county grand juries. In 2003, while working on federal fraud and corruption matters, Mr. Cate was cross-designated as a Special Assistant United States Attorney. From 1994 to 1996, Mr. Cate was a Deputy District Attorney for Sacramento County, last serving in a special assignment prosecuting juvenile rape and murder cases. Prior to joining the public sector, Mr. Cate worked as a business litigation attorney with Downey, Brand, Seymour & Rohwer. He has also held several positions as an instructor of legal and law enforcement-related topics, including standards training for peace officers.

Mr. Cate earned his Doctor of Jurisprudence from the University of Oregon School of Law and a Bachelor of Science degree in business administration from Linfield College, where he was an Academic All-American. He is a member of the California State Bar.

Harold Clarke (VA)

Harold Clarke grew up in the Canal Zone in Panama. After college in Nebraska, he joined the Nebraska Department of Corrections in 1974 as a counselor. He rose through the department, becoming warden at the Nebraska State Penitentiary in 1987 and the Director of Corrections in 1990, becoming the first employee promoted from within the agency to that position.

In August of 1990, he was appointed Director of the Nebraska Department of Correctional Services, a position he held until 2005, when he began his role as Secretary of the Washington State Department of Corrections. Last November (2007), Clarke took on yet another new role, this time on the East coast as Commissioner of the Massachusetts Department of Correction. On November 15, 2010, Harold was named the Director of the Virginia Department of Corrections.

He is currently serving as the immediate past president of the American Correctional Association and on the Executive Committee of ASCA. He is a former member of the Doane College Board of Trustees, former board chair of Lincoln Public Schools Foundation Board of Directors. He also served as president of the Association of State Correctional Administrators. His awards include the Legacy Award from the Association of Women Executives in Corrections in 2007, the Pioneer Human Services Partner of the Year Award in 2006, the Michael Francke Award from the Association of State Correctional Administrators in 1997, the Citizen of the Year Award from the Nebraska Association of Substance Abuse Directors in 1996 and the Dedicated Correctional Service Award in 1994.

Harold Clarke was appointed by Governor Robert F. McDonnell as Director of the Virginia Department of Corrections effective November 15, 2010, overseeing a Department comprised of three major operational areas: Operations, Community and Administration. At the time of his appointment, the Agency had 11,602 employees across the Commonwealth. As of December 31, 2010, the Department has 29 major institutions, 8 field units and 7 work centers overseeing 31,900 inmates, and 7 detention and 4 diversion centers as well as 43 Probation Districts overseeing 59,517 probationers.

Carl Danberg (DE)

Carl C. Danberg is the Commissioner of Correction for the State of Delaware. He was nominated by Governor Ruth Ann Minner, and unanimously confirmed by the Delaware Senate to supervise the state’s unified correctional system. Previously, Mr. Danberg was the Attorney General of the State of Delaware from December 2005 to January 2007. He was appointed Attorney General to fulfill the unexpired term of his predecessor. Prior to his appointment he served as Chief Deputy Attorney General.

Mr. Danberg was the Deputy Principal Assistant to the Commissioner of the Delaware Department of Correction for over eight years, handling external affairs. He was responsible for community, legislative and media relations, managing victim services, budgeting and drafting legislation as well as training and advising Correction staff.

Prior to joining the Department of Correction, Carl was a Deputy Attorney General representing Corrections in State and Federal Courts and advising on administrative matters. Early in his career, Danberg worked on the Senate and Presidential campaigns of United States Senator Joseph R. Biden, Jr.

Danberg is a Major in the Judge Advocate General’s Corp of the Delaware Army National Guard. He is an adjunct professor at the University of Delaware, his alma mater, teaching constitutional law of criminal procedure.

Carl is a graduate of the Widener University School of Law. He serves on the Boards of Mount Aviat Academy in Childs, MD and the St. Patrick’s Day Society which supports the St. Patrick’s Senior Center in Wilmington. He serves as a Special Minister of the Eucharist at St. Johns/Holy Angels Catholic Church in Newark and is a member of the Knights of Columbus.

Carl is married to Barbara Snapp Danberg, a fellow attorney. Together they have two daughters and reside in Newark.

Christopher Epps (MS)

Commissioner Christopher B. Epps was appointed to his current post by Democratic Governor Ronnie Musgrove in August of 2002 and was reappointed by Republican Governor Haley Barbour on January 13, 2004. Epps, honored as the longest serving Commissioner in the history of the Mississippi Department of Corrections (MDOC), has held virtually every management and supervisory position in the agency since beginning his career with MDOC in 1982 as a correctional officer.

During his term as Commissioner, Chris Epps has paved the way for the agency to move forward. He appointed the first female Deputy Commissioner in corrections and the first female superintendent for a state prison in the history of Mississippi; has successfully raised the salaries of all MDOC employees; has significantly increased the number of inmates graduating in ABE, Vocational School, and Alcohol and Drug programs; and has led the agency’s effort to achieve full ACA accreditation, becoming the 14th state to receive the ACA Eagle Award. Commissioner Epps received an honorable discharge from the Mississippi Army National Guard after attaining the rank Lieutenant Colonel.

Currently serving as president-elect of the American Correctional Association and immediate past-president of the Southern States Correctional Association, Commissioner Epps also serves on the Emergency Response Interoperability Center Public Safety Advisory Committee for the Federal Communications Commission and the National Board of Directors for the Correctional Peace Officers Foundation. Epps is a graduate of Liberty University in Lynchburg, Virginia with a Master of Arts Degree in Guidance and Counseling. He received his Bachelor of Science Degree in Elementary Education from Mississippi Valley State University.

Brian Fischer (NY)

Brian Fischer was appointed Acting Commissioner of the New York State Department of Correctional Services (now NY Department of Corrections and Community Supervision) by
Governor Eliot Spitzer effective January 1, 2007. The state Senate unanimously confirmed him on March 12, 2007.

Mr. Fischer leads the nation’s fourth-largest state prison system. He oversees an agency that employs 31,000 workers and houses approximately 63,500 inmates in 69 correctional facilities plus the 850-bed Willard Drug Treatment Campus.

Mr. Fischer began his career with the New York State Narcotic Addiction Control Commission in 1968, working as an Aftercare (Parole) Officer. In 1975, he transferred into the Department of Correctional Services with the title of Assistant Director, Drug Treatment Center. During his initial years with the Department he served as a Deputy Superintendent in several correctional facilities including the opening of the Downstate Correctional Facility which provided “separation services” to prepare inmates for their release.

From 1981 until 1991 Mr. Fischer was involved in several projects that involved regionalization, he worked on an inter-governmental agency task force, and was the director of the Department’s Division of Support Operations in Albany.

In 1991 he was appointed as the Superintendent of the Queensboro Correctional Facility and a Supervising
Superintendent. While the
Superintendent position called for coordinating the development of the inmate work release program and the conversion of Queensboro into a pre-release, re-entry facility, the Supervising Superintendent position
required his oversight of daily operations of seven prisons in the New York City area.

Mr. Fischer was appointed Superintendent of the Sing Sing Correctional Facility in 2000 while continuing to serve as the
Supervising Superintendent for the state prisons located in New York City. While at Sing Sing, he was twice nominated by the former Commissioner for the Warden of the Year Award with the North American Association of Wardens and Superintendents, and will be awarded that honor this summer at the American Correctional Association conference.

In addition to his positions as the Sing Sing Superintendent and a Supervising Superintendent, Mr. Fischer was involved in a number of presentations and task forces dealing with issues related to correctional management and programmatic
initiatives. They include a “Tools Needed to Succeed” presentation, “New Horizon in Re-Entry” panel speaker, Rockland County Jail Advisory Committee on Mental Heath member, “Community Orientation Preparation Program” presentation, opening remarks for the “Collaboration to Strengthen Transitional Planning for HIV nmates,” panel moderator for “Changing the Mission of Corrections; Re-Thinking Hiring and Promotion Standards in Corrections,” panel member for the “Practical Issues in the Relations Between Wardens and Corrections Counsel,” and a panel presenter for “Meshing Security and Program: Community-Based Organizations and Corrections.”

Mr. Fischer received recognition by a number of community groups and programs including, The Criminal Justice Award, in Honor of Benjamin Ward, presented by the NYS Minorities in Criminal Justice, 2006.

Recognized by the NY Theological Seminary for special support of their Master’s Degree in Professional Studies
Program at Sing Sing, the New York Theological Seminary’s 2006 Urban Angel Award Banquet.

Scholarship in the name of Superintendent Brian Fischer for former inmates who have used their education earned at Sing Sing in helping formerly incarcerated persons. Awarded by Hudson Link for Higher Education, 2006.

Mr. Fischer has been an adjunct professor at both Pace University and John Jay College of Criminal Justice. He is also Vice President of the New York Corrections Historical Society, a member of the American Correctional Association, the North American Wardens and Superintendents Association, the New York Corrections and Youth Services Association and until his appointment, the New York State Association of Correctional Facility Superintendents.

Mr. Fischer is a native of Rockland County and has a wife and two grown sons. He holds a Bachelor’s Degree in
Psychology and a Master’s Degree in Guidance and Counseling.

Ray Hobbs (AR)

Governor Mike Beebe’s recommendation and the Board of Corrections’ decision have placed a 35-year veteran of corrections at the helm of the Arkansas Department of Correction as interim director. Ray Hobbs, 57, of Pine Bluff was selected following the retirement of Larry Norris, longtime director of the agency. Hobbs served as Norris’ Chief Deputy Director for nine years.

Hobbs began his employment at the ADC in 1975 as an entry level correctional officer at the Tucker Unit. After moving through the ranks, he was promoted to assistant warden in 1978 and to warden the following year. Hobbs became Assistant Director of Institutions in 1994, Deputy Director of Institutions in 1998, and Chief Deputy Director in 2001.

He is recognized nationally for his work with emergency preparedness, the Prison Rape Elimination Act and accreditation of correctional facilities. Hobbs is a certified auditor for the American Correctional Association and serves on its Board of Governors. He is also a member of the Southern States Correctional Association, Arkansas Criminal Justice Association and North America Association for Wardens.

Hobbs a Master of Arts degree in Criminal Justice for the University of Arkansas at Little Rock, where he is a part time Criminal Justice lecturer and instructor.

He will serve as interim director until a permanent replacement for Norris is named, which likely will take place in the late spring.

Robert Houston (NE)

Governor Dave Heineman appointed Robert P. Houston as the Director of the Department of Correctional Services (NDCS) on March 14, 2005. Director Houston started his correctional career as a Senior Counselor at the Nebraska State Penitentiary in November 1974. He held progressively more responsible positions throughout the Agency in the thirty years that followed to include Unit Manager at the Lincoln Correctional Center, Unit Administrator at the Nebraska State Penitentiary, Associate Superintendent at the Omaha Correctional Center, and Deputy Warden at the Penitentiary. He was the Warden at three institutions—the Omaha Correctional Center, Lincoln Correctional Center, and Nebraska Correctional Youth Facility—and served from September 2002 to April 2003 as the Assistant Director of Programs and Community Services. For nearly two years before his appointment to his current position, he worked as the Director of the Douglas County (Nebraska) Department of Corrections.

Director Houston is a Certified Auditor for the American Correctional Association and a Consultant for the National Institute of Corrections. Mr. Houston has served on many boards and committees to include the Jail Standards Board, the Crime Commission, the Community Corrections Council, the Capitol Facilities Planning Committee, and the Interstate Compact for Adult Offender Supervision. He is the Co-Founder and Member of the Omaha’s Metropolitan Chief’s Association, Board President of the UNO/UNL Criminal Justice Education Fund, past president of the United State’s Deputy Warden’s Association and the Nebraska Correctional Association. Director Houston taught Criminal Justice at the University of Nebraska – Omaha/Lincoln for twenty years. He earned a Bachelor of Science in Criminal Justice from the University of Nebraska-Omaha and a Master of Science in Criminal Justice from the University of Nebraska.

Robert Lampert (WY)

Robert O. (Bob) Lampert is a Marine Corps veteran with more than 32 years of correctional experience, including military and state service. He came to Wyoming from the Oregon Department of Corrections, where he worked as superintendent of the largest correctional facility in the northwest and as assistant superintendent at Oregon’s only maximum-security institution. He began his position as director of the Wyoming Department of Corrections on November 10, 2003.

Before joining the Oregon prison system, Director Lampert retired from the Texas Department of Criminal Justice following a 20-year career that saw him rise through the ranks from correctional officer to senior warden. While in Texas, he worked at nine different facilities and was personally charged with developing and implementing several innovative programs for high-risk inmates.

During his first two years of service with the Wyoming Department of Corrections, Director Lampert was able to obtain nearly $139 million in funding for new construction and the expansion of existing facilities, the majority of which was spent on adding education, programming and treatment space. He was also successful in guiding the legislature through a site selection process and approval for a new 706-bed prison that is uniquely designed to house and meet the needs of inmates with the highest medical, mental health, substance abuse, sex offender, or other special treatment needs. He was also successful in increasing authorized staffing levels in the agency by 32%, gaining P.O.S.T. certification for correctional officers and supervisors, and obtaining statutory law enforcement retirement eligibility for parole agents.

Director Lampert was born in Newcastle, Wyoming and is a graduate of Steven’s High School in Rapid City, South Dakota. He holds Bachelor’s and Master’s degrees in criminology and corrections, as well as a master’s of business administration, from Sam Houston State University in Huntsville, Texas. He also earned a doctorate of jurisprudence from the University of Houston and is licensed to practice law in Texas.

Jennie Lancaster (NC)

Jennie Lou Lancaster has more than 30 years experience in the state corrections system and as a trainer for the National Institute of Corrections, providing expert assistance to various states. She served 32 years in the North Carolina Department of Corrections before retiring in September, 2004. From 1998-2004 she served as Central Regional Director, and was responsible for supervising 12 major male and female prisons. From 1988-1998 Mrs. Lancaster developed and managed the Female Command Structure for the five woman’s prisons and two half-way houses, located from Black Mountain to Wilmington. The Female Command structure was one of only five management operations for the Division of Prisons. She developed the North Carolina Department of Commerce Travel and Tourism toll-free phone operation and information distribution services. She started one of five legislatively authorized, privately operated, substance treatment facilities for inmates. In 1988, she coordinated with the Energy Committed for Offenders, a Charlotte non-profit, to open a half-way house for female inmates. It is still operational today. From 1982-1987 she served as Warden of the North Carolina Correctional Institution for Women, the state’s largest prison facility for female inmates.

AWARDS AND PROFESSIONAL RECOGNITION
• Order of the Long Leaf Pine (2004)
• Governor’s Award for Excellence (1987)
• News and Observer “Tar Heel of the Week” (1982)
• North Carolina Correctional Officer of the Year (1976)

PROFESSIONAL ADVANCED CERTIFICATIONS
• Government Executive Program – UNC School of Government
• North Carolina Justice Executive Program – UNC School of Government
• Executive Women in Corrections Program – National Institute of Corrections

EDUCATION
• Bachelor of Arts, Religion – Meredith College
• Duke Divinity School Pastoral Counseling Graduate Program

George Lombardi (MO)

Missouri Governor Jeremiah W. (Jay) Nixon nominated George A. Lombardi to the Director of the Department of Corrections on December 18, 2008. The nomination was confirmed on January 29, 2009. Lombardi became the 6th Director to lead the Department since Corrections became its own cabinet-level state agency in 1981.

Mr. Lombardi previously served as the Director of the Division of Adult Institutions for 18 years. He was responsible for 21 adult correctional institutions throughout Missouri encompassing 8,600+ staff and 30,500 inmates. He is a past Warden of two correctional institutions and a 33 year veteran of the Missouri Department of Corrections. Mr. Lombardi served on the Board of Directors and as Chairman of the Criminal Justice Task Force for the Missouri Association of Social Welfare. He is a past President of the Missouri Corrections Association and has served as an auditor for the Commission of Accreditation for Corrections. He has lectured on criminal justice matters at the American Corrections Association, Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences, colleges and universities and civic organizations. He has also co-authored two articles:

“Mainstreaming Death-Sentenced Inmates”
“Peer Interaction Training for Correctional Administrators”

Mr. Lombardi organized the first annual National Conference on Prisoner Reentry with Central Missouri State University. He was recognized at the December, 2002 Commencement at the Central Missouri State University with a Distinguished Alumnus Award. Mr. Lombardi has a B.S. and M.S. in psychology from the Central Missouri State University.

Jodie Maesaka-Hirata (HI)

Jodie Maesaka-Hirata is an 18-year veteran of the state Department of Public Safety, Prior to her appointment, she was the acting warden of Waiawa Correctional Facility. In August 2008, with the support of the surrounding community, Ms. Maesaka-Hirata launched an offender re-entry program that successfully reintegrated offenders by providing them job experience while they were still incarcerated. Ms. Maesaka-Hirata first began her work in public service at Halawa Correctional Facility in 1989 as a social worker. Ms. Maesaka-Hirata, 44, a Pearl City High School graduate, received her Bachelor’s degree in social work from UH-Manoa and her Master’s degree in criminal justice administrator from Chaminade University.

Brian Owens (GA)

Mr. Owens was appointed Commissioner of the Georgia Department of Corrections by Governor Sonny Perdue in January 2009. As prisons chief, he oversees the fifth largest prison system in the nation, 200,000 felons in prison or on probation, 15,000 employees, and an annual budget of over $1.2 billion.

Mr. Owens began his career in criminal justice as a Parole Officer in 1993. He served as the Assistant Chief Parole and Chief Parole Officer in Fulton County.

In 1999, Mr. Owens led the Department of Corrections’ Office of Planning and Analysis before accepting the position of Executive Assistant. He has held his most recent position as Assistant Commissioner since 2005. Prior to beginning is career in criminal justice, Mr. Owens served five years in the Air Force.

Mr. Owens is a graduate of University of Georgia, and, lives with his wife, Sheri, and son, Evan, and daughter, Erin, in Forsyth, Georgia.

Tom Roy (MN)

Governor Mark Dayton named Thomas Roy to lead the Department of Minnesota Department of Corrections on January 20, 2011.

Roy has spent his career in corrections, working with offenders, victims and communities. He previously served as Director of Arrowhead Regional Corrections, serving five Northern Minnesota counties.

Roy is a native of Northern Minnesota and a 1974 graduate of the University of Minnesota-Minneapolis where he received a B.A. in Political Science. Upon graduation he returned to the Arrowhead Region and began a career in probation and parole in Duluth as a pre-trial officer and in Carlton County, as an adult and juvenile officer and supervisor. In 1994 he was promoted to Chief Probation Officer for the five Arrowhead counties and in 2002 he took over as Executive Director for Arrowhead Regional Corrections. In addition to his work as a corrections administrator he has had involvement in numerous state and national initiatives and work groups, including: the American Probation and Parole Association as a Regional Representative and where he served on the Executive Board from 2007-2009. He currently is the chair of the Minnesota Interstate Compact Advisory Council which oversees the movement of convicted offenders to and from Minnesota.

Derrick Schofield (TN)

Derrick D. Schofield was sworn in as Commissioner of the Tennessee Department of Correction (TDOC) on January 15, 2011 by Governor Bill Haslam. Commissioner Schofield has served as Assistant Commissioner and Chief of Staff of the Georgia Department of Corrections where he directed the day-today activities of the fifth largest prison system in the country. As Commissioner of the TDOC, Schofield oversees 14 prisons with an inmate population of over 20,000. The Department employs 5,440 professionals and has an operating budget of more than $662,000,000.

Commissioner Schofield has almost twenty years of correctional experience having served in various positions including Warden, Facility Operations Director and Director of Investigations and Compliance. Prior to being Commissioner, Schofield served in the United States Army from 1982-1989 where he reached the rank of Captain.

He holds a Bachelor of Arts Degree in Political Science from Fort Valley State University and a Master’s of Public Administration from Georgia’s Law Enforcement Command College and Columbus State University.

Schofield is a recipient of the Distinguished Social Sciences Alumnus Award from Fort Valley State University and recently served on a national committee on the incarceration of youthful offenders in adult prisons.

Kim Thomas (AL)

On January 17, 2011, Governor Robert Bentley appointed Mr. Kim T. Thomas as Acting Commissioner of the Alabama Department of Corrections. An interest in criminology and corrections led Kim to study at Marshall University in West Virginia where he earned a Bachelor of Science Degree in 1983. Upon graduation, he relocated to Alabama and began his career with the Alabama Department of Corrections. Following his completion at the Correctional Academy, he rose through the ranks as a Correctional Officer, Correctional Sergeant, and Classification Specialist at a maximum security facility. While employed with the Department, Commissioner Thomas attended the Birmingham School of Law and received his Juris Doctorate in 1993. In April 1995, he was given the honor of providing legal representation to the Alabama Department of Corrections as an Assistant General Counsel. For the past six years, under Commissioners Donal Campbell and Richard Allen, he has served as General Counsel to the Department.

LaDonna Thompson (KY)

LaDonna H. Thompson, an 18-year veteran of the Kentucky Department of Corrections, made history when Gov. Steve Beshear named her commissioner, marking the first time a woman has been chosen for the top DOC post.
Thompson, 45, has spent the last two and a half years as Deputy Commissioner of the agency. While serving as a project manager, she was instrumental in implementing a statewide offender management system – a comprehensive project that combined three large, outdated systems to allow for a seamless flow of information.
As one of the original correctional officers at the Eastern Kentucky Correctional Complex, Thompson moved on to hold a position at Kentucky State Reformatory and Luther Luckett Correctional Complex in LaGrange. She made her way up through the ranks, working with the VINE program (Victim Information and Notification Everyday), inmate classification and population management divisions.
During her career in Corrections, Thompson received numerous awards, including three honors for distinguished service to the department. A recent graduate of the Leadership Kentucky class of 2007, her awards also include two for recommendations that resulted in fiscal savings for the Commonwealth. Thompson was a 2007 recipient of the “Breaking the Glass Ceiling” Award presented by the National Center for Women and Policing, and was selected as a participant in the 2006 NIC Executive Leadership for Women class.
A graduate of Morehead State University, Thompson received her degree in psychology and sociology. She and her husband Brian, a detective with the Louisville Metro Police Department, live in Bullitt County with their two sons, Seth and Christian.

A.T. Wall (RI)

Prior to this appointment Mr. Wall served in the capacity of Assistant Director for a number of years. In this position he was responsible for the central management of Departmental operations and functioned as the Director’s second-in-command.

Mr. Wall’s career in corrections began in 1976 as a Probation Officer. After his graduation from Law School, he served as a Prosecutor in the Manhattan District Attorney’s Office and then joined the Vera Institute of Justice, where he was Director of a sentencing project for chronic offenders convicted by the New York City Courts. A native of Rhode Island, he returned to his home state in 1985 and worked in the Governor’s Office on policy issues in the areas of corrections and criminal justice. He was tapped by the Director of Corrections to join the Department in 1987 as Assistant Director. Mr. Wall was named Interim Director in 1999 and became Director in 2000.

Mr. Wall received a Bachelors of Arts Degree from Yale University in 1975 and his Juris Doctor from Yale Law School in 1980.